Wɔafi ase reyɛ China nuklea fusion mfiri a ɛyɛ BEST host no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so
Wɔ October 1st no, wɔyɛɛ nkɔso titiriw bi wɔ China nuklea fusion mfiri BEST a wɔyɛe no mu.
Wɔde nnyinaso a emu duru boro tɔn 400 no sii hɔ yiye na wɔde bɛsoa BEST host a ne nyinaa mu duru bɛyɛ tɔn 6700, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔafi ase a edi mũ ama ɔman kɛse yi mu mfiri a emu yɛ duru host.
Daakye, saa afiri yi bɛyɛ ɔyɛkyerɛ a edi kan a wɔagye atom wɔ amanaman ntam wɔ nuklea fusion ahoɔden a wɔyɛ ho, na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛhyerɛn hann a edi kan denam nuklea fusion so wɔ afe 2030 mu.
Nuklea Fusion: Asɛmfua a Etwa To a Wɔde Hwehwɛ Amansan Ahoɔden mu
Efi ahintasɛm a ɛfa owia a ɛkɔ so hyew mfe ɔpepepem 4.6 so kosi sɛnea adesamma hwehwɛ ahoɔden a ɛho tew “a entumi nsɛe” a etwa to no so no, nuklea a wɔde ka bom ayɛ nhwehwɛmu akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara wɔ nyansahu mu no mu biako bere nyinaa. Ɛnyɛ tumi titiriw a ɛkanyan nsoromma ma hann ne ɔhyew ba amansan no mu nko, na mmom ɛyɛ mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ nwonwa-a ɛwɔ tumi a ɛbɛsakra nnipa ahoɔden asase koraa nso.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nuklea fusion kyerɛ adeyɛ a atom nuklea a emu yɛ hare (te sɛ hydrogen isotopes deuterium ne tritium) di electrostatic repulsion (Coulomb repulsion) a ɛda nuklea ntam wɔ ɔhyew ne nhyɛso a ɛkɔ soro kɛse mu so nkonim, na ɛbɔ na ɛka bom yɛ atom nuklea a emu yɛ duru (te sɛ helium), bere a ɛma ahoɔden kɛse bi fi hɔ. Saa adeyɛ yi di Einstein ahoɔden ahoɔden nsɛso "E=mc 2" - nuklea foforo a wɔaka abom no nyinaa mu duru sua kakra sen nuklea abien no mu duru a wɔaka abom ansa na wɔaka abom, na dodow a wɔatew so (dodow a wɔhwere) no bɛgyae wɔ ahoɔden kwan so, a ahoɔden dodow a ɛboro ahoɔden biara a nnipa de di dwuma mprempren no so koraa.
Sɛ yɛbɛte ahoɔden a ɛwɔ nuklea fusion mu ase a, data ntotoho biako pɛ na ɛho hia: ahoɔden a efi fusion reaction a ɛyɛ deuterium tritium afrafra kilogram 1 mu ba no ne ɔhyew a ɛba bere a wɔhyew fango a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ tɔn 27000 anaa ahoɔden a efi pɛtro tɔn 120 a wɔhyew koraa mu ba no yɛ pɛ Nanso, ahoɔden a nuklea mpaapaemu pɛtro a ne su koro (te sɛ uranium-235) de ba no bɛyɛ nea nuklea a wɔde afrafra de ma no 1/4 pɛ. Nea ɛho hia kɛse no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ pɛtro a wɔde yɛ nuklea fusion no nni ano - deuterium wɔ po mu nsu mu kɛse wɔ Asase so, na po mu nsu lita biara kura deuterium a ebetumi ama ahoɔden a ɛne pɛtro lita 300 yɛ pɛ denam fusion so. Deuterium a ɛwɔ po mu nsu mu wɔ wiase nyinaa no betumi adi adesamma ahoɔden ahiade ho dwuma bɛboro mfe ɔpepem biako; Ɛwom sɛ tritium ho yɛ na koraa wɔ abɔde mu de, nanso wobetumi de afiri ayɛ denam lithium (ade a ɛdɔɔso wɔ Asase so) ne neutrons a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma so, na "petrol a ɛho yɛ na" ho haw biara nni hɔ.
Nanso, nuklea fusion a wotumi di so a wobenya no nyɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, na n'asɛnnennen titiriw no gyina "sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ tebea horow a emu yɛ den na wɔakura mu ama nuklea fusion". Wɔ Owia no mu no, tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam a ɛhwe ase no ma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius ɔpepem 15 ne nhyɛso kɛse a ɛyɛ wim ɔpepepem 250 ba, na efi awosu mu no, ɛne "ogya tebea horow" a ɛma nuklea afrafra no hyia; Nanso wɔ Asase so no, nnipa ntumi nsuasua tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam a ano yɛ den saa na wɔnam mfiridwuma so nkutoo na wobetumi ayɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛtra so ho mfonini. Mprempren, nhwehwɛmu akwankyerɛ atitiriw abien na ɛwɔ hɔ:
Ɔkwan biako ne magnetic confinement fusion, a International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) a wɔtaa frɛ no "owia a wɔde nsa ayɛ" gyina hɔ ma. Ɛde magnetic field a ɛyɛ den yiye (bɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ den sen Asase so magnetic field mpɛn 100000) di dwuma de to plasma (ade tebea a ɛto so anan a atom nuclei ne electron ahorow ntam) a ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro kodu digrii Celsius ɔpepem 150 wɔ vacuum chamber kurukuruwa (tokamak mfiri) mu, na ɛkwati plasma ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-a ɛbɛka afiri no fasu na ayɛ causing onwini a wɔde ma, . bere a wɔkɔ so ma plasma no yɛ hyew ma ɛne tebea horow a ɛho hia ma fusion reactions no hyia no. Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, China "Artificial Sun" afiri (EAST) no nyaa plasma a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma wɔ digrii Celsius ɔpepem 120 mu simma 403, na ɛde wiase kyerɛwtohɔ sii hɔ na ɛtoo fapem maa ITER sɔhwɛ ahorow a edi hɔ.
Ɔkwan foforo ne Inertial confinement fusion, a United States Ɔman Ignition Facility (NIF) gyina hɔ ma. Ɛtwe adwene si laser ahorow 192 a ahoɔden wom kɛse-si deuterium tritium botae a ne kɛse yɛ milimita kakraa bi pɛ so, ɛma botae no yɛ hyew kodu digrii Celsius ɔpepem 30 na ɛhyɛ no ma ɛyɛ Asase no mu duru mmɔho 100 wɔ bere tiaa bi mu (bɛyɛ sekan nkyem ɔpepepem 10), na ɛde plasma no mu ahoɔden di dwuma de wie fusion no sɛnea wɔyɛ wɔn ade wɔ bere tiaa bi mu bere a diffusion ntumi nyɛ yiye no. Wɔ December 2022 mu no, NIF nyaa "net energy gain" nea edi kan - ahoɔden a fusion reactions gyae no boroo input laser no ahoɔden so, na ɛhyɛɛ nkɔso kɛse agyirae wɔ inertial confinement kwan no mu.
Wɔ ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso ne pɛtro pii akyi no, nuklea a wɔde ka bom nso wɔ ahobammɔ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia adamfofa a ɛsen biara. Nea ɛnte sɛ nuklea mpaapaemu no, nuklea fusion nneyɛe bɛba awiei ntɛm ara bere a tebea horow a emu yɛ den ayera (te sɛ magnetic field interruption anaa laser stop), na asiane biara nni hɔ sɛ "core meltdown" bɛba; Ade titiriw a ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma ne helium (mframa a ɛnyɛ awuduru na ɛnyɛ asiane biara a ɛnyɛ adwuma), a ɛnnyɛ nwura a ɛyɛ radioactive a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ te sɛ nuklea mpaapaemu na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ enni efĩ biara mma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia.
Ɛwom sɛ nnipa nnya nnyaa nuklea fusion ahoɔden a wɔde di gua wɔ aguadi mu (wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebehia mfe 30-50 mfiridwuma mu nkɔso) de, nanso anammɔn biara a wɔrenya wɔ nuklea fusion mu, efi owia abɔde mu afrafra so kosi nkɔso a ɛba nkakrankakra wɔ aduruyɛdan mu so no repia adesamma abɛn botae a ɛne "ahoɔden ahofadi" no. Daakye, bere a wɔatrɛw nuklea ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde afrafra mu wɔ wiase nyinaa no, adesamma begyae wɔn ho a wɔde to fango a efi abo mu so koraa, adi wiase nyinaa haw ahorow te sɛ wim nsakrae ne ahoɔden a ɛho yɛ na ho dwuma, na wɔde bere foforo a egyina ahoɔden a ɛho tew na anohyeto nnim so aba.
